The Phrygian cap is a soft conical cap with the top pulled
forward, associated in antiquity with several peoples in Eastern Europe and
Anatolia, including Phrygia, Dacia and the Balkans.
In early modern Europe it came to signify freedom and the
pursuit of liberty through a confusion with the pileus, the felt cap of
manumitted (emancipated) slaves of ancient Rome. Accordingly, the Phrygian cap
is sometimes called a liberty cap; in artistic representations it signifies
freedom and the pursuit of liberty.
It is used in the coat of arms of certain Republics (like
Haiti, Argentina, Cuba and Columbia) or of republican State institutions (like
the US Senate) in the place where otherwise a Crown would be used (in the
heraldry of monarchies). It thus came to be identified as a symbol of the
republican form of government. A number of national personifications, in
particular France's Marianne, are commonly depicted wearing the Phrygian cap.
Of course, its similarity with the Catalan barretina is no coincidence; it is a
direct descendent of the Phrygian Cap.
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